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During the rise from sunspot minimum to maximum, the observed value
of smoothed monthly mean sunspot number at maximum RM is found to
correlate with increasing strength against the current value of
smoothed monthly mean sunspot number R(t), where t is the elapsed
time in months from minimum. On the basis of the modern era sunspot
cycles (i.e., cycles 10-22), the inferred linear correlation is
found to be statistically important (i.e., at the 95-percent level
of confidence) from about 11 mo past minimum and statistically very
important (i.e.. at the 99-percent level of confidence) from about
15 mo past minimum; ignoring cycle 19, the largest cycle of the
modern era, the inferred linear correlation is found to be
statistically important from cycle onset. On the basis of R(t),
estimates of RM can be gauged usually to within about +/- 30
percent during the first 2 yr and to within about +/- 20 percent
(or better) after the first 2 yr of a cycle's onset. For cycle 23,
because controversy exists regarding the placement of its minimum
(i.e., its onset), being either May 1996 or perhaps August 1996 (or
shortly thereafter), estimates of its RM are divergent, being lower
(more like a mean size cycle) when using the earlier epoch of
minimum and higher (above average in size) when using the
later-occurring minimum. For smoothed monthly mean sunspot number
through October 1997 (t = 17 or 14 mo, respectively), having a
provisional value of 32.0. the earlier minimum date projects an RM
of 110.3 +/- 33.1, while the later minimum date projects one of
137.2 +/- 41.2. The projection is slowly decreasing in size using
the earlier onset date, while it is slowly increasing in size using
the later onset date.
This study provides supplemental material to an earlier study
concerning the relationship between spotless days and the sunspot
cycle. Our previous study, Technical Publication (TP)-2005-213608
determined the timing and size of sunspot minimum and maximum for
the new sunspot cycle, relative to the occurrence of the first
spotless day during the declining phase of the old sunspot cycle
and the last spotless day during the rising portion of the new
cycle. Because the number of spotless days (NSD) rapidly increases
as the cycle nears sunspot minimum and rapidly decreases
thereafter, the size and timing of sunspot minimum and maximum
might be more accurately determined using a higher threshold for
comparison, rather than using the first and last spotless day
occurrences. It is this aspect that is investigated more thoroughly
in this TP.
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This scarce antiquarian book is a selection from Kessinger
Publishing's Legacy Reprint Series. Due to its age, it may contain
imperfections such as marks, notations, marginalia and flawed
pages. Because we believe this work is culturally important, we
have made it available as part of our commitment to protecting,
preserving, and promoting the world's literature. Kessinger
Publishing is the place to find hundreds of thousands of rare and
hard-to-find books with something of interest for everyone
Each fall and spring, millions of birds travel the Pacific Flyway,
the westernmost of the four major North American bird migration
routes. The landscapes they cross vary from wetlands to farmland to
concrete, inhabited not only by wildlife but also by farmers,
suburban families, and major cities. In the twentieth century,
farmers used the wetlands to irrigate their crops, transforming the
landscape and putting migratory birds at risk. The U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service responded by establishing a series of refuges that
stretched from northern Washington to southern California. What
emerged from these efforts was a hybrid environment, where the
distinctions between irrigated farms and wildlife refuges blurred.
Management of the refuges was fraught with conflicting priorities
and practices. Farmers and refuge managers harassed birds with
shotguns and flares to keep them off private lands, and government
pilots took to the air, dropping hand grenades among flocks of
geese and herding the startled birds into nearby refuges. Such
actions masked the growing connections between refuges and the land
around them. Seeking Refuge examines the development and management
of refuges in the wintering range of migratory birds along the
Pacific Flyway. Although this is a history of efforts to conserve
migratory birds, the story Robert Wilson tells has considerable
salience today. Many of the key places migratory birds use - the
Klamath Basin, California's Central Valley, the Salton Sea - are
sites of recent contentious debates over water use. Migratory birds
connect and depend on these landscapes, and farmers face pressure
as water is reallocated from irrigation to other purposes. In a
time when global warming promises to compound the stresses on water
and migratory species, Seeking Refuge demonstrates the need to
foster landscapes where both wildlife and people can thrive.
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